When claimants don't win: the reasons behind every other outcome
Strike-outs, time bars, merits losses, withdrawals, settlements, and defaults — a data-driven breakdown of the most common reasons employment tribunal cases end without a claimant win.
A new way to read tribunal decisions
Every published employment tribunal judgment on Tribunal Intel now includes a "Why this outcome?" section — a plain-English explanation of why the tribunal decided as it did, drawn from the judgment itself.
Across 17,648 decisions in the corpus, clear patterns emerge — and some of them are genuinely surprising.
This analysis focuses on non-claimant-win outcomes — the cases that ended in a strike-out, dismissal on the merits, withdrawal, settlement, or default. Straightforward claimant wins are not included here; those are covered separately in our claimant win rates analysis. The patterns below are about everything else — and there is a lot of it.
Decisions analysed
17,648
with an identified outcome reason
Procedural / jurisdictional
46.0%
ended before reaching a full merits hearing
Out of time
1,311
cases struck out for missing the three-month deadline
Most common outcome reasons
Top 10 categories by volume across indexed decisions. "Other" category excluded.
The most common reasons behind each outcome
1. Claim not well-founded
The claim reached a full hearing and was rejected on its merits. The tribunal heard the evidence, considered the law, and found that the claimant's case simply did not hold up. This is the most substantive form of loss — no procedural escape hatch, just a finding against on the facts.
6,820 decisions in this dataset · 38.6%
2. Non-compliance with orders
Tribunals issue case management orders — send your witness statements by this date, disclose these documents by that date. Ignore them and the tribunal may strike out your claim. It is not personal; it is the system protecting its own timetable.
1,910 decisions in this dataset · 10.8%
3. Not actively pursued
Sometimes claimants simply disappear. They stop responding to correspondence, miss hearings, or file nothing when asked. The tribunal can strike out a claim that is not being actively pursued. Life happens, but the tribunal does not wait indefinitely.
1,604 decisions in this dataset · 9.1%
4. Voluntary withdrawal
The claimant withdrew their claim with no settlement indicated. Sometimes this reflects a change of heart, sometimes a practical calculation that continuing is not worth it. The tribunal records the withdrawal and closes the case — no finding on the merits.
1,534 decisions in this dataset · 8.7%
5. No qualifying employment period
Unfair dismissal requires two years' continuous employment. No qualifying period, no claim — regardless of how unfair the dismissal looked. This catches a lot of people who were let go at 23 or 24 months, sometimes suspiciously so.
1,494 decisions in this dataset · 8.5%
6. Out of time
Employment tribunal claims have a strict three-month deadline from the date of the act complained of — minus one day. Miss it and the tribunal has no jurisdiction, full stop. There is a limited 'just and equitable' or 'not reasonably practicable' extension for some claim types, but tribunals are not generous with it.
1,311 decisions in this dataset · 7.4%
7. No reasonable prospects
A tribunal can strike out a claim at a preliminary hearing if it has no reasonable prospect of success. This is the procedural scalpel — used to clear obviously hopeless cases before they consume hearing time and respondent costs.
659 decisions in this dataset · 3.7%
8. Jurisdictional bar
Beyond the common qualifying-period and time-limit bars, some claims fall outside the tribunal's jurisdiction for other reasons: the wrong forum, a statutory exclusion, or ACAS early conciliation not being completed before issuing proceedings.
597 decisions in this dataset · 3.4%
9. Default — respondent did not respond
The respondent failed to enter a response or did not appear at the hearing. In these cases the tribunal may proceed to judgment in the respondent's absence. These judgments can look like claimant wins on paper but often reflect an uncontested process rather than a contested hearing.
498 decisions in this dataset · 2.8%
10. Commercial settlement
The parties reached a commercial settlement and the claim was disposed of on agreed terms. No tribunal finding was made on the merits. The settlement amount, if any, is typically confidential and does not appear in the published judgment.
309 decisions in this dataset · 1.8%
Every decision page now shows a "Why this outcome?" section with the reason in plain English. Use the search filters to explore cases by outcome reason across the whole corpus.